Mechanisms of speed–accuracy tradeoff: evidence from covert motor processes

Speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) refers to the inverse relation between speed and accuracy found in many tasks. The present study employed reaction times (RTs) and movement-related brain potentials arising during the RT interval (lateralized readiness potentials; LRPs) to examine the mechanisms by which people control their position along an SAT continuum. Many models of SAT postulate that changes in position across conditions (macro-tradeoffs) and trial-by-trial variations within conditions (micro-tradeoffs) are mediated, at least in part, by the same mechanisms. These include: (1) all models that postulate mixtures of guesses and accurate responses and (2) some models postulating decision criterions applied to accumulating evidence or response tendencies. Such models would seem to be rejected for conditions under which macro- and micro-tradeoffs can be shown to involve no stages of RT in common. Under the present conditions, the two types of SAT produced additive effects on RT, with the macro-tradeoff involving only that portion of the RT interval occurring after LRP onset and the micro-tradeoff involving only that portion before LRP onset. These findings imply that the two types of SAT arose during different serial stages of RT and that the macro-tradeoff involved only stages occurring after differential preparation of the two hands had begun.