A Review of Probabilistic Approaches for Assessing the Liquefaction Hazard in Urban Areas

Abstract Several probabilistic liquefaction triggering approaches, or liquefaction manifestation severity approaches, have been developed to consider the uncertainties related to liquefaction and its manifestations. Probabilistic approaches are essential for vulnerability and risk models that considers the consequences of liquefaction on building performance. They may be incorporated into a performance-based earthquake engineering framework through a fully probabilistic liquefaction hazard assessment. The objective is to effectively incorporate spatial interaction of two concurrent hazards, specifically earthquake-induced shaking, and liquefaction, and to develop a robust multi-hazard framework applicable to regions with limited input data. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish, according to the available probabilistic liquefaction triggering or manifestation severity assessment approaches, which set of approaches aligns optimally with vulnerability and risk models. Thus, this paper discusses the current methodologies on the ongoing probabilistic liquefaction hazard assessment approaches with the aim of defining a reliable model specific for areas with a non-liquefiable surface layer over a liquefiable layer.