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The rapid digitalization of modern power infrastructures, combined with the integration of renewable energy (RE) and battery energy storage systems (ESS), has become pivotal to achieving a sustainable and resilient energy future. However, this convergence introduces critical cybersecurity vulnerabilities that can compromise system reliability, operational continuity, and data integrity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of cybersecurity risks specific to RE–ESS ecosystems, analyzing potential attack vectors, system-level impacts, and their implications for grid stability. It synthesizes recent advances in defense mechanisms, including anomaly detection through artificial intelligence, blockchain-secured data transactions, zero-trust network frameworks, and cryptographic protection of control systems. Beyond technical countermeasures, the study emphasizes the need for a unified cybersecurity governance framework that integrates regulatory standards, operational protocols, and resilience metrics. This review identifies persistent gaps in real-time threat detection, cross-domain data protection, and policy harmonization across energy markets. To address these, adaptive AI-driven monitoring, risk-based vulnerability assessments, and compliance alignment with international standards are proposed. By linking cybersecurity assurance with the functional reliability of energy storage infrastructures, this work contributes to the development of secure, efficient, and sustainable digital energy systems. The findings offer actionable insights for engineers, operators, and policymakers seeking to enhance the resilience of energy storage systems in the evolving smart grid landscape.
Rashid et al. (Tue,) studied this question.