Nyaya Darshana as an Epistemological Framework for Ayurvedic Diagnostics

Nyaya Darshana, propounded by Akshapada Gautama through the Nyaya Sutras, represents a foundational system of Indian epistemology that systematically explains the means of acquiring valid knowledge. By establishing four Pramanas, Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference), Upamana (comparison), and Shabda (verbal testimony), it provides a structured method for resolving doubt and attaining certainty. This comprehensive literature review critically examines classical Nyaya texts, authoritative commentaries, and Ayurvedic Samhitas to explore the philosophical foundations, historical development, and clinical relevance of Nyaya Pramanas in Roga-Rogi Pareeksha (examination of disease and patient). The review traces the evolution of Nyaya from Vedic Anvikshiki through Prachina and Navya Nyaya phases, elaborates the sixteen Padarthas, and highlights their application in Ayurvedic diagnostic reasoning. Integrative references from Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita demonstrate that Nyaya logic forms the epistemological backbone of Ayurvedic clinical assessment. While Ayurveda selectively adopts Nyaya Pramanas, it also expands the epistemic framework by incorporating Yukti as a distinctive reasoning tool. The study establishes that Nyaya Darshana significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, prevents fallacious reasoning, and strengthens evidence-based Ayurvedic practice. Renewed emphasis on Pramana-based reasoning is essential for advancing contemporary Ayurveda in academic, clinical, and research domains.