This work explores managing a two-way power system for electric cars. The system can charge the car's battery and send power back to other devices or the grid. The goal is to create a control law that ensures the electric car's battery charges and discharges safely, whether taking power from the grid or sending it back to it. The setup includes a two-way power device linked to the battery, which is represented by a mathematical model. An observer estimates the battery state of charge (SOC), and a backstepping- based controller is designed. Computer tests show that this control approach works well.
Bella et al. (2025) studied this question.