What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between conventional 2D IMPA and 3D IMPA measurements.

February 6, 2026International Orthodontics0 citationsOpen Access

Validating conventional 2D IMPA against 3D one: is it still a trustworthy angle? A retrospective CBCT-based diagnostic agreement study

MSMarco Serafin EBElisa Boccalari LFLuca Fracci

Key Points

The study aims to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between conventional 2D IMPA and 3D IMPA measurements.
Conducted a retrospective assessment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data.
Compared mean bias and diagnostic concordance between 2D and 3D IMPA.
Analyzed cases categorized by anatomical constraints and torque requirements.
Found negligible mean bias between 2D and 3D IMPA measurements.
Demonstrated excellent association and substantial diagnostic concordance in routine cases.
In torque-critical cases, noted a ±7° dispersion suggesting the need for 3D assessment.

Abstract

2D and 3D IMPA showed negligible mean bias, excellent association, and substantial diagnostic concordance. Routine cases may rely on 2D IMPA without material loss of information, whereas in torque-critical, anatomically constrained, or borderline cases the observed ±7° dispersion argues for 3D assessment.

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