This retrospective diagnostic study compares 2D and 3D IMPA effectiveness in various cases, suggesting implications for clinical practice.
2D and 3D IMPA showed negligible mean bias, excellent association, and substantial diagnostic concordance. Routine cases may rely on 2D IMPA without material loss of information, whereas in torque-critical, anatomically constrained, or borderline cases the observed ±7° dispersion argues for 3D assessment.
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Serafin et al. (2026) studied this question.
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