March 3, 2026Open Access

Effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations and nocebo side effects: Results from three experimental studies with a placebo analgesic cream

Key Points

Nocebo side effects were not induced despite expectations, indicating a potential gap in experimental design.
The research involved three experimental studies to assess the impact of likelihood framing on side effect expectations.
Findings emphasize the complexity of establishing effective experimental models for studying nocebo responses.
Future research should address methodological considerations to enhance understanding and testing of nocebo effects.

Abstract

This research failed to induce itch as a nocebo response. While examining likelihood framing in nocebo side effects is valuable, establishing an appropriate experimental model remains challenging. Future research directions and methodological considerations to move forward are discussed.

Effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations and nocebo side effects: Results from three experimental studies with a placebo analgesic cream

Key Points

Abstract

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