Effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations and nocebo side effects: Results from three experimental studies with a placebo analgesic cream

Key Points

• Nocebo side effects were not induced despite expectations, indicating a potential gap in experimental design.
• The research involved three experimental studies to assess the impact of likelihood framing on side effect expectations.
• Findings emphasize the complexity of establishing effective experimental models for studying nocebo responses.
• Future research should address methodological considerations to enhance understanding and testing of nocebo effects.