Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor is linked to cachexia and renin-angiotensin system activation in severe chronic heart failure.
These findings indicate that circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor are increased in cachectic patients with chronic heart failure and that this elevation is associated with the marked activation of the renin-angiotensin system seen in patients with end-stage cardiac disease.
Levine et al. (Thu,) studied this question.