Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor is linked to cachexia and renin-angiotensin system activation in severe chronic heart failure.
Hypothesis-generating for TNF in HF cachexia; leaves open whether targeting alters outcomes or warrants trials.
These findings indicate that circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor are increased in cachectic patients with chronic heart failure and that this elevation is associated with the marked activation of the renin-angiotensin system seen in patients with end-stage cardiac disease.
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Levine et al. (1990) studied this question.
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