What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to develop a three-state gate model for classifying compact objects using gravitational-wave data.

April 17, 2026Open Access

Gate Structure of Compact Objects in the GWTC-3 and GWTC-4 Catalogs

Key Points

The aim is to develop a three-state gate model for classifying compact objects using gravitational-wave data.
Mapped three-state gate model onto LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA catalogs GWTC-3 and GWTC-4.
Defined neutron stars, mass-gap objects, and black holes with specific gate types.
Utilized probabilistic formulation with activation and direction bias functions.
Predicted lower mass-gap objects (2.5–5 M☉) exhibit low effective spin (χ_eff ≈ 0).
Supported findings are consistent with gravitational-wave events GW190814 and GW230529.
Proposed five axioms and three testable hypotheses for further observations.

Abstract

Three-state gate model for compact objects mapped onto LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA gravitational-wave catalogs GWTC-3 and GWTC-4. Neutron stars realize ordered implosion gates (Δ⁻), mass-gap objects occupy null-point gates (Δ⁰), and stellar-mass black holes represent absorbing expansion gates (Δ⁺). The probabilistic formulation uses activation A (x) and direction bias Ŝ (x) functions. Key falsifiable prediction: lower mass-gap objects (2. 5–5 M☉) form a Δ⁰ population with low mean effective spin χₑff ≈ 0 and approximately isotropic spin orientations, consistent with GW190814 and GW230529. Five axioms (G-1 to G-5) and three testable hypotheses for future observing runs. Part of the Δ-Gate Formalism (DOI: 10. 5281/zenodo. 19103765).

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Cite This Study

Fabio Luigi Zander (Wed,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e1cfcb5cdc762e9d858c6f https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19597728

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