Three-state gate model predicts classifications of compact objects in gravitational-wave catalogs, indicating future implications for observations.
Three-state gate model for compact objects mapped onto LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA gravitational-wave catalogs GWTC-3 and GWTC-4. Neutron stars realize ordered implosion gates (Δ⁻), mass-gap objects occupy null-point gates (Δ⁰), and stellar-mass black holes represent absorbing expansion gates (Δ⁺). The probabilistic formulation uses activation A(x) and direction bias Ŝ(x) functions. Key falsifiable prediction: lower mass-gap objects (2.5–5 M☉) form a Δ⁰ population with low mean effective spin χ_eff ≈ 0 and approximately isotropic spin orientations, consistent with GW190814 and GW230529. Five axioms (G-1 to G-5) and three testable hypotheses for future observing runs. Part of the Δ-Gate Formalism (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19103765).
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Fabio Luigi Zander (2026) studied this question.
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