What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to improve predictions in compact object astrophysics, particularly concerning energy dynamics and gravitational wave signatures.

June 28, 2026Open Access

Motti Intermediate Physics — HAL: Compact Object Astrophysics — Penrose Process, Core-Collapse Supernovae, Neutron Star Modes, and NS-BH Systems

Key Points

The aim is to improve predictions in compact object astrophysics, particularly concerning energy dynamics and gravitational wave signatures.
Predicted Penrose energy enhancement relative to ADM mass.
Calculated gravitational waves amplitude for CCSNe compatible with SN1987A.
Analyzed neutron star f-modes and tidal frequencies relative to general relativity.
Penrose energy increased by +alpha_em compared to ADM.
GW amplitude h^HAL shows a +0.73% enhancement compatible with observations from SN1987A.
Neutron star f-mode frequency increased by +0.36%, detectable with future observatories.

Abstract

HAL predictions for compact object astrophysics: (1) Penrose energy enhanced by +alphaₑm relative to MADM. (2) CCSNe GW amplitude hHAL = C0 hGR (+0. 73%), compatible with SN1987A. (3) NS f-modes: fHAL = sqrt (C0) fGR (+0. 36%), detectable with ET. (4) NS-BH tidal frequency: fHAL = fGR/C0 (-0. 73%). Two internal tests: BH QNM / NS f-mode ratio = 2; NS-BH tidal correction opposite sign to QNM.

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