September 2, 2014Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences31 citationsOpen Access

Depression, anxiety, stress and demographic determinants of hypertension disease

MMMamoona MushtaqUniversity of Karachi NNNajma NajamUniversity of the Punjab

Structured PICO

Do depression, anxiety, stress, and demographic factors increase the odds of hypertension in adults?

Population

237 participants from Pakistan, including 137 hypertensive patients (currently taking antihypertensive medicines) and 100 age-matched healthy controls. Age range 30 to 65 years (mean 43), weight 63 to 98 kg. Excluded patients with chronic or terminal illness including coronary heart disease, liver disease, renal disease, diabetes, or cancer.

Intervention

High levels of depression, anxiety, and stress as measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), along with demographic factors.

Comparator

Low levels of depression, anxiety, and stress; non-hypertensive healthy controls matched for age, gender, monthly income, and working hours.

Outcome

Presence of hypertension (correlation and predictive odds of hypertension disease).

Psychological factors including depression, anxiety, and stress, along with demographic variables like working hours and dependents, are significant independent predictors of hypertension in a Pakistani cohort.

Limitations

relatively small sample
did not study the covariate factors such as BMI, type of food and smoking

Abstract

UNLABELLED: Background and Objective : Research evidence supports the relationship of psychological and demographic factors with hypertension and these variables are strongest predictors of hypertension which are scarcely studied in Pakistan. The present study was carried out to explore the correlation of depression, anxiety, stress and demographic factors with hypertension. METHOD: We used correlation research design and a sample of (N = 237), hypertensive patients (N = 137) and their age matched healthy controls (N = 100) was taken from hospitals. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) was used to assess depression, anxiety and stress. RESULTS: RESULTS indicated significant positive correlation between depression (χ (2) MH = 104.18, p < .001), anxiety (χ (2) MH = 78.48, p < .001), stress (χ (2) MH = 110.95, p < .001) and overall negative states (χ (2) MH = 97.43, p < .001) with hypertension. Depression (OR = 1.44, p < .01), anxiety (OR = 1. 76, p < .01) stress (OR = 1.37, p < .01), job and dependents, working hours and weight turned out as predictors of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Hypertension has significant positive relationship with depression, anxiety, stress and with demographic variables. The findings of the present study will contribute in the existing knowledge of health professionals to enhance public awareness regarding the harmful outcomes of depression, anxiety and stress upon human health.

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