This review synthesizes available in vitro, in vivo, mechanistic, and regulatory data on HCA and Lilial, examines plausible interaction pathways including electrophile-mediated protein modification and metabolic competition, and identifies key gaps requiring mixture-oriented investigation. Greater integration of mechanistic toxicology with cumulative risk assessment frameworks is needed to better reflect real-world co-exposure scenarios involving fragrance aldehydes.
Orola et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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