ABSTRACT When did time begin? The Big Bang singularity is a prediction of general relativity and also its Achilles' heel—at the singularity, density becomes infinite and physical laws break down. Based on the fundamental axioms of UD theory, this paper demonstrates that time begins not from a singularity, but from the breakdown of a dynamic equilibrium. In the critical state, the two fundamental attributes U and D are fully present and active—U desires to expand, D desires to condense—but their effects are perfectly balanced. This balance is the precondition for breakdown. The breakdown condition Vₑff'' = m₀² - α/2 2m₀². 4. The critical state is immediately unstable—the attributes are actively maintaining balance, waiting to be triggered by quantum fluctuations of DU. 5. No "before" problem—before the critical state, there was no time. The question is meaningless, like asking "what is north of the North Pole? " 6. Space and matter are co-emergent—both come from the differentiation of U and D after breakdown. ELIMINATED ASSUMPTIONS - Singularity exists → Critical state (dynamic equilibrium of active attributes) - Time pre-exists → Time begins with breakdown of balance- Space pre-exists → Space emerges with matter- Nothingness before → Balance of active attributes—a loaded spring Keywords: beginning of time, singularity, critical state, cosmic genesis, UD theory
Dan Zhu (Wed,) studied this question.