This theoretical paper demonstrates the beginning of time through a dynamic equilibrium breakdown in cosmic genesis, suggesting new insights into existence.
When did time begin? The Big Bang singularity is a prediction of general relativity and also its Achilles' heel—at the singularity, density becomes infinite and physical laws break down. Based on the fundamental axioms of UD theory, this paper demonstrates that time begins not from a singularity, but from the breakdown of a dynamic equilibrium. In the critical state, the two fundamental attributes U and D are fully present and active—U desires to expand, D desires to condense—but their effects are perfectly balanced. This balance is the precondition for breakdown. The breakdown condition V_eff'' = m_0^2 - α/2 < 0 is derived from the UD field equations. Time begins to flow, space begins to expand, and matter begins to condense. The question of "before" dissolves: there is no "before," because before there was no time. The beginning of time is not a singularity but a dynamical event—the breaking of a balance. KEY FINDINGS 1. The critical state is a dynamic equilibrium of active attributes—U and D are fully present, their effects perfectly balanced. This balance is the precondition for cosmic genesis. 2. Time is not eternal—it begins with the breakdown of this balance. No singularity exists; the critical state is finite and physical. 3. The breakdown condition is derived from first principles: V_eff'' = m_0^2 - α/2 < 0, satisfied because α > 2m_0^2. 4. The critical state is immediately unstable—the attributes are actively maintaining balance, waiting to be triggered by quantum fluctuations of D_U. 5. No "before" problem—before the critical state, there was no time. The question is meaningless, like asking "what is north of the North Pole?" 6. Space and matter are co-emergent—both come from the differentiation of U and D after breakdown. ELIMINATED ASSUMPTIONS - Singularity exists → Critical state (dynamic equilibrium of active attributes)- Time pre-exists → Time begins with breakdown of balance- Space pre-exists → Space emerges with matter- Nothingness before → Balance of active attributes—a loaded spring Keywords: beginning of time, singularity, critical state, cosmic genesis, UD theory
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Dan Zhu (2026) studied this question.