Economic security in the context of modern socio-economic system transformation

The relevance of this study stems from the deepening transformation of socioeconomic systems in the context of global instability, accelerated digitalization, intensifying geopolitical contradictions, and the structural restructuring of national economies. Under these conditions, economic security is becoming systemic and multidimensional, requiring a revision of established theoretical approaches and practical mechanisms for its implementation. This issue is particularly significant for Russia, where the pressure of sanctions, import substitution, and regional differentiation are reinforcing the need to develop a sustainable model of socioeconomic development. This study provides a systemic analysis of modern approaches to interpreting economic security, revealing its multi-layered structure and demonstrating the evolution of risk factors in the context of digitalization and global transformation. It is revealed that, along with traditional threats (external economic shocks, financial instability, resource constraints), digital and cyber risks, technological dependence, institutional constraints, and the vulnerability of global value chains are becoming increasingly important. The dual role of digitalization as a source of new threats and, simultaneously, a tool for enhancing resilience through the implementation of analytical and predictive risk management technologies is substantiated. Considerable attention is paid to the regional aspect of economic security. The paper demonstrates that structural transformations of the economies of Russia's regions are characterized by heterogeneity and the emergence of different development trajectories depending on industry specialization, the level of innovation activity, and the quality of governance institutions. Based on an analysis of modern methodological approaches, regional types are identified based on their level of diversification and economic complexity, and key areas of structural adaptation related to the development of clusters, digital, and high-tech industries are identified. It is concluded that structural transformation and diversification of the regional economy are essential conditions for strengthening economic security and reducing spatial disparities.