What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to develop a dual-orbit refueling system to improve the safety and reliability of human Mars missions.

February 2, 2026Open Access

A Dual‑Orbit Refueling Architecture for Human Mars Missions (Version‑3)

Key Points

The study aims to develop a dual-orbit refueling system to improve the safety and reliability of human Mars missions.
Proposed a dual-orbit refueling framework for Mars missions.
Analyzed mission operations flow and trade-offs.
Compared the new architecture with traditional return strategies.
Demonstrated enhanced mission operations and flow.
Showed reduced risks to crew safety by separating surface commitment from propellant logistics.
Provided a technical reference for future discussions on Mars mission architecture.

Abstract

This record presents Version 3 of an independent technical study proposing a dual‑orbit refueling architecture for human Mars missions. Version 3 emphasizes mission operations flow, trade and sensitivity robustness, and comparison with common return strategies. The core concept treats Earth‑return propellant as verified orbital infrastructure prior to surface commitment, reducing coupling between surface outcomes and crew safety. Shared as an open technical reference for discussion and educational purposes.

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