Time Cost Trade of Analysis Using Building Information Modelling to Improve Construction Project Effectiveness

This research examines how the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) can enhance time and cost efficiency in construction projects using the Time Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) method. It aims to explore BIM’s potential in optimizing project scheduling and budgeting to improve overall effectiveness. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates qualitative and quantitative strategies to analyze BIM's role in supporting the TCTO method. Findings indicate that the TCTO method significantly improves time and cost efficiency by enabling accurate critical path identification and cost-effective acceleration strategies. Additionally, BIM enhances project effectiveness through information integration, cost-time analysis, and building simulation, supporting key TCTO processes. Expert validation and survey responses confirmed a strong correlation between BIM and TCTO. However, the research is limited to construction projects in Indonesia, which may affect the generalizability of the results. Practically, integrating BIM with TCTO provides project managers with a strategic tool to improve scheduling and budgeting accuracy. The findings offer actionable insights to enhance planning efficiency in large-scale or complex construction projects. This study presents a novel framework linking BIM capabilities directly with the technical stages of the TCTO method, combining validated indicators and empirical data to offer a new perspective on optimizing construction project performance through digital and analytical integration.