Hybrid Nanointerfaces Empower Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Escherichia Coli Detection

Electrochemical DNA‐based biosensors have shown great potential in the rapid and highly accurate detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) , offering advantages over conventional microbial detection techniques. By leveraging hybrid nanointerfaces, these biosensors are emerging as a promising alternative for the rapid, accurate, and affordable detection of E. coli . These biosensors offer real‐time pathogen monitoring with minimal sample preparation by utilizing the high sensitivity of electrochemical transduction and the specificity of DNA hybridization. This comprehensive review covers the basic principles of electrochemical DNA biosensor functioning, transduction mechanism‐based classification, and different immobilization techniques to improve biosensing performance. Significant developments in signal amplification, nanomaterial integration, and electrode surface modifications‐particularly through the design of hybrid nanointerfaces, are reviewed, showing enhancements in detection stability, sensitivity, and selectivity. Additionally, the integration of nanomaterials has greatly enhanced sensor performance by improving signal stability and reducing the detection time. Despite these developments, problems with sample complexity, sensor downsizing, and practical implementation still exist. This review aims to highlight the most recent advancements, potential commercialization applications, and future directions in the field to facilitate the development of next‐generation biosensors for the detection of pathogens.