Study of Design Elements of Toilets for the Visually Impaired on the Campus

ABSTRACT Designing toilets for visually impaired students on a university campus requires a holistic approach that addresses physical, sensory, and cognitive needs. By incorporating thoughtful design elements and accessibility features, these facilities can create an inclusive environment that fosters independence and dignity for all campus community members. In many public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), traditional toilet designs prevail, with insufficient emphasis on safety and comfort for disabled students, particularly in student accommodation buildings. This research aimed to identify appropriate design elements for constructing smart toilets that support visually impaired individuals in campus accommodations. A mixed‐methods approach was employed, utilizing qualitative analysis through semi‐structured interviews with two visually impaired students and five accessibility specialists. The interview questions were developed based on a comprehensive literature review and thematic coding, highlighting key accessibility requirements and safety features relevant to the target population. The study's findings revealed several recommended safety equipment and amenities for designing smart toilets for the visually impaired, including alarm systems, Braille signage, and solar energy solutions, all aligned with existing norms, legislation, and guidelines. This research contributes valuable insights toward creating more inclusive and accessible facilities in higher education campuses, promoting dignity and independence for visually impaired students.