Proteomic blood-biomarkers for personalized risk stratification of diabetic retinopathy patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a challenging chronic disease worldwide. The incidence is expected to rise dramatically by 2030 due to smoking, obesity and aging population. This increases public health burden in coming years. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication and a leading cause of blindness among working-age individuals. Understanding the proteomic mechanisms driving disease progression and visual loss is of paramount importance when laying novel strategies for managing patients in clinical practice. We summarize proteomic studies addressing molecular biomarkers in human blood for DR. We discuss methodological advantages and challenges. Proteomic technology advancement has reached a level where even low-abundance proteins related to disease can be detected in blood. The pooled results of these studies suggested that the biomarkers are specific to disease stage and hold promise for personalized risk stratification in DR. With development of advanced mass spectrometry technology for investigation of blood-biomarkers, this research area is expected to advance in near future. Similarly, it is expected that novel blood-based biomarkers for DR will be validated in international studies and implemented in clinical practice. Therefore, future perspectives hold promises of personalized risk profiling for diagnosis, progression and optimal choice of treatment.