From Concrete to Canopy: Illuminating Moth Biodiversity in New York City's Urban Jungle

Moths (Lepidoptera) are sensitive to anthropogenic threats and serve as valuable bioindicators. Despite the remarkable diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera globally, there is a lack of information on how moth species are impacted by urbanization. Notably, very little is known about moths in the largest city of the United States, New York City, where pervasive urban pollutants, artificial light at night, land cover change, and habitat fragmentation are severe. We examined the effects of urbanization on moth biodiversity in New York City, with a focus on green spaces. We sampled twelve locations across six parks at night and complemented these surveys with citizen science records of moths from iNaturalist. Overall, we found a negative relationship between greater urbanization and moth biodiversity, with community similarity correlated with environmental similarity. Our results support greater biodiversity with less light at night, urban development, and more deciduous tree cover and open land. Our structural equation model reveals additional insight: although we detected a strong negative direct effect of developed land, urbanization also impacts diversity via indirect effects of reducing open space and deciduous tree cover. Developed open space alone does not directly affect diversity, but may positively impact diversity through its covariance with vegetation cover. These findings support the importance of mitigating artificial light at night in urban green spaces and maintaining urban vegetation to ensure nocturnal Lepidoptera are able to persist in rapidly urbanizing landscapes.