Factors that influence ovulation in animal reproduction: A literature review

Ovulation is a complex process influenced by various genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. This study aims to conduct a literature review of factors affecting ovulation, focusing on their correlation with contraception, assisted reproductive technology, and reproductive efficiency in livestock. The research method follows a literature review approach, with sources obtained from Scopus-indexed journals between 2015 and 2024. The analysis results indicate that genetic mutations, particularly in the leptin receptor gene (LEPR), can affect delayed puberty and reduced ovulation rates. Additionally, hormonal regulation through pre-synchronization of ovulation and artificial insemination increases reproductive success rates in cattle. Environmental factors, such as seasonal reproductive patterns and delayed implantation, also play a significant role in reproductive efficiency in certain species. This study highlights the importance of understanding ovulation regulation to develop more effective reproductive strategies in both livestock farming and wildlife conservation.