Smart Systems, Smarter World: A Review of ML and DL Innovations Since 2018

In the last ten years, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) have gone from being just ideas to being powerful tools that are changing many industries. This review looks at important changes and real-world uses of ML and DL from 2018 to now, focusing on important areas like healthcare, finance, agriculture, transportation, cybersecurity, and natural language processing. The paper talks about how new technologies like convolutional neural networks, recurrent models, and transformer-based architectures have changed everything from medical diagnostics to self-driving cars and fraud detection. It also looks at how technology has changed over the years, lists major breakthroughs, and talks about problems like model interpretability, data privacy, and ethical issues. Lastly, the review talks about new trends that are likely to shape the next wave of AI innovation. These include generative AI, explainable AI, and quantum-enhanced learning.