Comparative Assessment of Impact of Interleukins on Orthodontic Miniscrew Stability, Insights to Osseointegration and its Failure Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The immune system functions under the influence of interleukins because these cytokines affect bone metabolism and the process of osseointegration while determining orthodontic miniscrew stability. This systematic review and meta-analysis served to determine the influence of interleukins on the operations of orthodontic miniscrew stability, osseointegration, and precession outcomes. Methods: The research included a systematic review and meta-analysis with references to the PRISMA 2020 criteria. Until March of 2025, the electronic databases were searched to find the studies referring to the interleukin levels according to the orthodontic miniscrews or implants. Studies were eligible in cases of RCTs, observational, and retrospective. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies. The GRADE framework was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence for the included outcomes. The analysis of the comparison was performed with RevMan 5.4.1, which was done using the inverse variance model and the random-effects model. Results: Nine publications that used 179 participants were selected. There was a significant increase in the interleukin levels in the study groups as contrasted to the controls (SMD: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.18-2.75; p < 0.05). There was a high heterogeneity (I2 = 88%). Subgroup analyses showed higher IL-1β and IL-17 at unsuccessful or inflamed miniscrew sites. Discussion: Higher levels of interleukin, mainly IL-1β and IL-17, are linked to miniscrew instability and peri-implant inflammation, which identifies the diagnostic and prognostic possibilities. Generalizability is limited by small sample size and disparity. These results advocate the use of cytokine profiling as a means by which the success of such implants can be determined.