The value of cycleways to improve population physical activity levels: a systematic review of economic evaluations

Active travel (AT), particularly cycling, is increasingly recognized as a public health strategy to promote physical activity and prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Given the substantial investments required to build cycling infrastructure, economic evaluations are essential to inform policy and efficient funding decisions. This systematic review aims to identify and assess economic evaluations of cycleway infrastructure, with particular emphasis on the methodological approaches employed. A systematic review was conducted using databases including PubMed, EconLit, Business Source Premier, CINAHL Plus, and MEDLINE. Eligible studies focused on cycling-specific infrastructure, reported both costs and benefits, and included a comparator. Data were extracted on evaluation type, costs, benefits, perspective, and time horizon. Study quality was assessed using the Drummond checklist, and findings were synthesized narratively, following PRISMA guidelines. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, using cost-benefit analysis or cost-effectiveness analysis. Interventions ranged from single cycle tracks to complex networks. Most studies were hypothetical and relied on secondary data and modeling assumptions. All reported positive economic returns. Equity impacts were rarely considered, and substantial methodological variability was observed. Cycling infrastructure appears to demonstrate economic value for society. However, methodological inconsistencies and data limitations remain considerable and limit comparability and generalizability of findings. PROSPERO Protocol:(CRD420251005334).