Model demonstrates emergence of spacetime structure and dynamics without fundamental time, implying new insights into relativity principles.
We consider a model in which the observed structure of spacetime emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in four-dimensional Euclidean space without time or distinguished directions. Using an operational definition of the observer and events, we show that the structure of inertial reference frames, Lorentz transformations, and elements of dynamics can be reconstructed without postulating a Minkowski metric. Elements of general relativity are obtained, including the emergence of foliation curvature and the derivation (rather than postulation) of the weak and strong equivalence principles. The results demonstrate that models without fundamental time and metric can be consistent with observed spacetime structures and admit a rigorous operational reconstruction of dynamics and geometry.
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Adrian Anatol’evich Smirnov (2025) studied this question.
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