Risk Factors and Colposcopy Results in Cervical Dysplasia: A University Hospital Experience

Abstract Background This study aims to evaluate the risk factors for the development of cervical dysplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in patients undergoing colposcopy by analysing the indications for colposcopy and histopathology results. Materials and Methods Data of 394 patients aged 30–65 years who underwent colposcopy at Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between June 2022 and January 2025 due to high-risk HPV positivity, abnormal cervical cytology or persistent clinical suspicion were retrospectively evaluated. Indications for colposcopy, histopathology results and demographic characteristics such as age and smoking were analysed. Results The mean age of the patients was 44.5 ± 10.9 years and 59% were smokers. The most common indication for colposcopy was isolated HPV type 16 positivity with 28% (n = 112). Pathological results showed no cervical dysplasia in 47.3% (n = 186), CIN I in 34.5% (n = 136), CIN II-III in 17.7% (n = 70), and invasive cervical cancer in 0.5% (n = 2). In isolated HPV type 16 positivity, the risk of high-grade cervical dysplasia was found to be statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05). The frequency of cervical dysplasia was statistically significantly higher in patients aged ≤ 44 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion Isolated HPV type 16 positivity is the main risk factor for the development of cervical dysplasia and high-grade dysplasia. Our findings suggest that HPV type-based risk stratification and personalised follow-up strategies are important in the prevention of cervical cancer. These results support the effectiveness of current screening protocols and point to the necessity of a holistic approach and the importance of increasing public awareness.