ICU nurses manually record hourly urine output, a time-consuming process prone to errors, affecting patient monitoring. The smart I/O system, integrated with ECRS (Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange, Simplify), automates data synchronization with the Nursing Information System (NIS), reducing shift processing time to 1 minute and 56 seconds, improving efficiency by 91.8%, and increasing bedside urine collection frequency by 87.5% with a ´s5g margin of error. This system reduces workload and errors, with future goals including hospital-wide adoption, establishing automatic urine monitoring as a clinical standard, and enhancing care quality.
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Yen et al. (2025) studied this question.
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