Identification of host-microbiome interactions in nasal diseases using multiomics integration.

Nasal dysbiosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of nasal diseases, yet microbiome-host interplay remains poorly understood. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing 43 CRSwNP patients, 27 NIP patients, and 34 controls using dual 5R 16S rRNA sequencing and host transcriptomics to characterize microbiome profiles and host-microbial interactions. Distinct microbiome patterns were identified in CRSwNP and NIP mucosal microenvironments. Host-microbiome interaction analysis revealed both shared and disease-specific associations. Common to both disorders were immune-related pathway enrichments, while CRSwNP uniquely demonstrated microbial recognition/immune activation links and NIP showed predominant proliferative pathway correlations. Notably, Bayesian network analysis identified Geobacillus stearothermophilus abundance as significantly associated with NF-κB pathway activation in nasal polyps - a finding subsequently experimentally validated. Our findings delineate disease-specific microbiome-host interplay in nasal pathologies, with CRSwNP exhibiting immune-focused interactions versus NIP's proliferative associations. These insights advance our understanding of nasal disease mechanisms and support the development of targeted microbiome-modulating therapies.