Analysis reveals how traits like the allele effect and bifurcation impact stability in predator-prey dynamics.
Impact of Allee effect, refugia and harvesting has been widely studied and analyzed individually in numerous predator–prey models since regulation and controlling of chaos has garnered attention among researchers. In this paper, we explore the classical Hastings–Powell (HP) model having collectively employed the above-mentioned traits. Investigating the basic dynamical characteristics of the modified HP model taken into account, existence of equilibrium points and their local stability have been established. Dissipativeness, permanence, global dynamical stability of points of equilibria have also been inspected followed by exploration of presence of numerous local bifurcations, namely, transcritical, saddle-node, Bogdanov–Takens and Andronov–Hopf bifurcation at prescribed points of equilibria. Moreover, by one- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams, we have examined and concluded that various traits enhance as well as dampen stability.
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Pramanik et al. (2025) studied this question.
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