Identification of Geological Structural Patterns in the Contractional Phase Using Analogue Sandbox Modelling (ASM) With Heterogeneous Anisotropic Media

The physical analysis of geological structures can be modeled on a small scale using a technique known as Analogue Sandbox Modeling (ASM). This method utilizes sand media to replicate the formation of natural geological structures. The simulations are conducted in a laboratory setting and completed relatively quickly. The methodology consists of four main stages: preparation, simulation, analysis, and post-simulation. Results from experiments 1 to 6 demonstrate the formation of thrust faults, back-thrust faults, and folds. As shortening occurs, the number of faults increases alongside changes in the angle of fault dip. Up to nine faults can form, consisting of major and minor ones. A layer with a mesh size of 50 can effectively fill the voids in a layer of quartz sand with a mesh size of 20, which can result in less defined structural appearances. Geological structures, such as anticlines, thrust faults, and back thrust faults, can serve as elements of an oil and gas system. They function as structural traps to capture and accumulate hydrocarbons, preventing their continued migration.