Athletes' right to Social Security: a comparative analysis of legal guarantees and implementation in ASEAN member states

Introduction: The legal and social position of athletes in ASEAN countries is evolving, yet their access to consistent social security remains limited and fragmented due to unclear employment classification. Objective: To analyze legal guarantees and implementation of social security for athletes across ASEAN member states through comparative legal analysis. Methodology: The study used a qualitative comparative method supported by Human Rights Law and Labor Law Theory, reviewing legal documents and scholarly publications from five ASEAN countries published between 2019 and 2025. Discussion: Findings show varied recognition of athletes as workers, inconsistent inclusion in national welfare systems, and weak enforcement. Policy fragmentation and institutional capacity gaps hinder the realization of athletes’ social rights across the region. Conclusion: Athletes need to be formally recognized as workers to ensure equitable access to social security. Regional harmonization and rights-based legal reforms are essential for securing the long-term welfare of Southeast Asian athletes.