Bifurcation and jams of heterogeneous car-following model in mixed scenario covering human-driven and automated vehicles incorporating the feedback control

Currently, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are gradually appearing in road traffic. Therefore, a heterogeneous car-following (CF) model incorporating the feedback control is created for mixed traffic including AVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) on single lane. Also, we execute the bifurcation analysis of heterogeneous vehicles involving AVs and HDVs for different proportion and safty coefficient of AVs, and the feedback control of the preceding vehicle. Moreover, simulations are implemented to investigate the evolution of traffic congestion, hysteresis loop, and energy consumption in mixed traffic, indicating that traffic jams are profoundly allayed and energy consumption is enormously cut down due to applying the feedback control signal, besides enlarging the proportion and safty coefficient of AVs in mixed scenario covering HDVs and AVs.