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August 16, 2025Open Access

Critical Evaluation of Sudhakar's ESR-Integrated Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

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Cradle-to-gate assessment finds 35% lower GHG emissions than pyrometallurgy while Li recovery lags, suggesting regional viability.

The ESR-integrated method reduces GHG emissions by 35%, achieving 2.1 kg CO₂/kg metal compared to pyrometallurgy.
Energy intensity is higher at 9 kWh/kg Co, contrasting with 6 kWh/kg Co from pyrometallurgy, raising concerns.
While producing battery-grade Co/Ni (99.2% purity), Li recovery is lower at 68% compared to 80% in hydrometallurgy.
With 92% slag suitability as a cement additive, the method's viability depends on electricity costs below $0.055/kWh.

Sudhakar Geruganti (2025) studied this question.

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