Role of Endophytes and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Enhancing Flower Yield and Quality

The global demand for ornamental flowers with superior quality, higher yields, enhanced visual appeal, and prolonged shelf life is on the rise. Conventional methods that rely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides often lead to environmental concerns and do not sustainably improve flower quality. In this context, endophytes and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as promising eco-friendly alternatives that enhance plant performance through various mechanisms. These beneficial microorganisms contribute to increased flower yield and quality by producing phytohormones, solubilizing nutrients, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stress. Recent studies have demonstrated their effectiveness in improving flower traits, such as size, color intensity, longevity, and resilience, under stressful conditions. This review explores the functional roles of Endophytes and PGPR in floriculture, highlighting their potential as sustainable bioinoculants.