Distributive Equity around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda: Benefits, Accessibility, Perceptions, and Realities among Adjacent Communities

Distributive equity in natural resource governance ensures the fair allocation of benefits and burdens among stakeholders, emphasising fairness for marginalised groups. Despite its critical role in natural resource management, persistent inequalities remain a significant challenge. This study investigated distributive equity around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, examining community perceptions, accessibility, and benefit distribution among residents of Kisoro, Rubanda, and Kanungu districts. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data from 120 households and 30 key informants through interviews, workshops, questionnaires, and observations. Conducted between July and December 2024, the data were analysed using SPSS and NVivo, allowing a thorough assessment of benefit distribution and accessibility, especially for marginalised groups. Economic benefits were the most reported, primarily accessed through Uganda Wildlife Authority, tourism businesses, and NGOs. However, most respondents believed that some groups benefit more than others, highlighting widespread perceptions of inequality. The study identified governance shortcomings in benefit-sharing, stressing the need for transparency, inclusive participation, and accountability. It recommends an equitable governance framework that ensures inclusive decision-making and clear benefit-sharing mechanisms. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, conservation practitioners, and community leaders aiming to enhance benefit-sharing and promote sustainable conservation at Bwindi