Observational analysis reveals energy transfer to zonal flow in hybrid plasmas, indicating KBM saturation mechanisms.
Energy transfer to zonal flow and stable finite n modes, where n is the toroidal mode number, are proposed to be the main saturation mechanisms of the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) in the deep core of a representative hybrid scenario in ASDEX-Upgrade. This discharge is characterized by a low magnetic shear and high ion temperature gradient. The predicted transport flux induced by KBM can be experimentally relevant specifically when the magnetic shear s is low (s~0.1), consistent with experimental characteristics of hybrid plasmas. Under such a parameter space, energy transferring to zonal flow and stable finite n mode is important in saturating KBM, while the role of both zonal current and zonal corrugation of kinetic profiles is tiny.
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Jian et al. (2025) studied this question.
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