Deep-Cycle Battery Sizing and Strategic Battery Management in Solar-EV Systems using UDDS Drive Cycles with Real-Time Environment

Energy-efficient storage systems are crucial in the rapidly evolving electric vehicle (EV) technology landscape. This study presents an innovative strategy for real-time charging of deep-cycle batteries by integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) panels with power from the grid. The model relies on the effects of the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and aims to determine the optimal deep-cycle battery capacity sizing. The initial phase involves designing the dimensions of the valence batteries, each including four parallel cells with a capacity of 59Ah. The adequate capacity of the battery pack is determined by evaluating the energy demands, considering the average duration of daylight, existing weather conditions (derived from Bahia Blanca, Argentina), and accessibility of the power grid as a supplementary resource. The proposed model integrates solar panels connected to a battery pack by using a double closed-loop control converter. This study emphasises the significance of an empirical analysis of the UDDS load profile to identify daily energy consumption trends and Depth of Discharge (DoD). The model evaluates the system's overall efficiency, incorporating conversion losses using the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, which maximises solar charging during peak sunlight hours while augmenting with grid power as needed. The most suitable machine learning (ML) algorithm for the observed DoD is predicted and cross-validated using nine selected machine learning approaches and evaluation metrics: Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). ML algorithms examine battery data in conjunction with a comparative analysis of performance indicators. The model simulation evaluated the possibility of solar energy capture, considering the capacity of the converter and its influence on efficient charging capabilities. The employed methodology examines solar energy utilisation alongside grid power augmentation and promotes a sustainable and efficient electric vehicle charging solution.