Global climate change refers to the increase in average temperature in the lower atmosphere of the Earth and is proving to be the most alarming environmental threat in the current century. Though climate change is a global problem but it causes a local effect. Climate change can also be understood as a long-term change in the weather patterns that lasts for an extended period of time, from decades to millions of years. Historically, climate change was caused by natural factors such as biotic processes, shifts in Earth’s orbit, solar radiation, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. However, in recent times, certain anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel use and deforestation have been identified as major contributors to climate change, often referred to as "global warming". Either directly or indirectly, climate change affects the ecosystem, weather patterns, agriculture and also human beings. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the nature of climate change and its effects in the Indian subcontinent. The consequences of global climate change encompass impacts on air, water, and soil quality, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecosystems. It also alters ocean current patterns and poses serious risks to human health. Climate change contributes to more frequent and extreme weather events, including hurricanes, cyclones, droughts, and floods. However, the effects of climate change can be minimized through collective action and effective mitigation strategies. These include improving energy efficiency, promoting sustainable living practices, conserving water, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
Mallick et al. (2025) studied this question.