The genetic diversity of Drosophila flies based on cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 1 gene from North Sulawesi

Background: Drosophila sp. is a fruit fly species that can spread quickly worldwide. A short life cycle, small body size, and fast adaptation to new habitats allow fruit flies to live in various parts of the world. This study characterized the genetic variation of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit (CO1) gene in Drosophila species from different North Sulawesi regions.Methods: Fruit fly samples were collected from six districts: Central Minahasa, Southeast Minahasa, South Minahasa, North Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow, and Sitaro. DNA extracted from thoracic tissue The COI gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced by the Sanger method. Sequence characterization using BioEdit and MEGA XI programs.Result: The results showed that the consensus CO1 gene sequence length was 688 bp to 700 bp. Divergent evolution based on disparity analysis showed CO1 Bolaang had the farthest sequence characteristic differences from the other five CO1 genes in North Sulawesi. Genetic distance analysis showed that Bolaang's gene sequence has the farthest genetic distance. CO1 gene consensus alignment analysis with ClustalW showed high genetic variation. The phylogenetic construction showed that CO1 Bolaang had the most significant differences in sequence characteristics from the other five sequences in a monophyletic group with different nodes. Phylogenic reconstruction with the 21 most similar sequences from BLAST showed similarities in the four Drosophila species, namely D. atriplex, D. melanogaster, D. lacteicornis, and D. pandora.Conclusion: Based on the CO1 gene, there are significant variations in fruit flies in North SulawesiExpression of Concern20 June 2025: Following publication of this paper, the internal audit (consequent to concerns on quality raised by Web of Science) notified Advancements in Life Sciences about missing record of the Turnitin Originality / AI Reports. By this Editorial Expression of Concern, we alert the scientific community of the errors as we reconcile the records.Editorial Note23 June 2025: Missing record of the Turnitin Originality / AI Reports has been reconciled by conducting fresh analyses as per the editorial policy. Show of cause notice issued to the concerned editorial team member. Expression of concern is hereby revoked.