The future of public governance transition from e-government to a-government: A comparative analysis of Türkiye and Estonia

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a crucial component in public administration, enabling governments to enhance service delivery efficiency, transparency, and effectiveness. AI is being effectively utilized across all countries. AI-driven digital governance models offer impactful solutions across various domains, from policy-making to citizen services. This study compares the AI-supported public administration strategies of Turkey and Estonia, analyzing their similarities and differences in AI implementation. Turkey has made significant progress in integrating AI into public services, particularly in security and education. However, challenges such as regulatory gaps, infrastructural limitations, and a shortage of AI professionals restrict its full potential. In contrast, Estonia’s centralized and integrated digital infrastructure allows for more effective AI-driven governance applications. This study evaluates AI policies in both countries and provides policy recommendations for improving AI integration in public administration. The findings emphasize that robust digital infrastructure, ethical regulations, and citizen engagement are essential factors for the success of AI-powered governance.