Assessment of the Implementation of Health and Safety Measures among Workers in Selected Water Factories in Umuahia, Abia State

Occupational health and safety are vital in industrial settings, especially in water production factories where workers face chemical, physical, and ergonomic hazards. This study examined health and safety practices among 102 workers in selected water factories in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria, using questionnaires and observations analysed with SPSS. Results showed that 66.7% of workers were aware of the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE), indicating moderate knowledge, while about one-third lacked this awareness, increasing safety risks. Similar to other developing countries, much PPE knowledge was gained informally from peers rather than formal training. Despite this, consistent and correct PPE use was low due to insufficient training and supervision. Injuries were reported by 59.8% of workers, with falls being the most frequent cause (36.3%), followed by stress, machinery accidents, chemical exposure, electric shocks, and noise. No fire or drowning incidents were noted. These injuries highlight issues like poor housekeeping, unsafe equipment use, and weak enforcement of safety rules. Compliance with safety protocols was poor: only 41.2% always wore PPE, 37.3% followed machinery safety rules consistently, and hand hygiene was inadequate. Attendance at safety briefings was irregular. Overall, while awareness of PPE is moderate, it does not translate into proper use, and safety practices are often ignored. The study emphasizes the urgent need for regular training, improved supervision, better workplace conditions, and a stronger safety culture to reduce injuries. Enhancing regulatory oversight, staff education, and PPE provision is essential to protect workers and ensure safe water production.