The evolving landscape of drug delivery systems has ushered in innovative approaches that transcend the limitations of conventional routes. Among these, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as a promising platform, offering a non-invasive and patient-compliant alternative for the management of chronic diseases. This review aims to explore the therapeutic implications of transdermal patches, particularly focusing on their role in ensuring sustained drug release, improving pharmacokinetics, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the design, types, mechanisms, and clinical applications of transdermal patches in the treatment of long-term conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, hormonal imbalances, and chronic pain. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these systems minimize first-pass metabolism, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence—factors crucial in managing chronic illnesses that require consistent therapeutic levels over prolonged durations. Recent advancements such as microneedle-enhanced delivery, iontophoresis, and nanoparticle-incorporated patches have significantly broadened the scope of TDDS, enabling the delivery of large molecules, peptides, and biologics. This review also discusses the selection criteria for polymers and permeation enhancers, challenges in skin permeability, and regulatory considerations involved in the development of transdermal systems. TDDS represent a transformative strategy in chronic disease management by offering controlled, targeted, and safe drug delivery. Their growing relevance in personalized medicine and potential integration with smart wearable technologies make them a focal point in future pharmaceutical innovation and clinical practice.
Yadav et al. (2025) studied this question.