On the propagation velocity of a linearly frequency-modulated signal in a dispersing medium (using the method of moments)

It is shown that in a selectively absorbing medium, the propagation velocity of a linearly frequency-modulated signal differs from its group velocity and depends on its modulation index, and the "modulation" addition to the group delay time reverses its sign when the sign of the modulation index changes. As a result, the propagation velocity of a linearly frequency-modulated signal can be superluminal at its subluminal group velocity and superluminal at its subluminal group velocity. When the center of the spectral line falls within the spectrum of a linearly frequency–modulated signal, a single linearly frequency-modulated signal is divided into two signals, one of which propagates at a speed higher than the group velocity (possibly higher than the vacuum light velocity), and the second is lower than the group velocity. The difference in the propagation speed of linearly frequency-modulated signals differing in the sign of the modulation index can lead to the fact that the initially amplitude-modulated signal, when propagating in a selectively absorbing medium, can be divided into several signals propagating at different speeds, and these signals, under certain conditions, can also be purely amplitude-modulated. Obviously, these effects can occur not only when a signal propagates in a selectively absorbing medium, but also when it is reflected from a selectively absorbing surface and propagated through linear filters in circuit theory.