The Role of Salivary Glands in Oral Cavity Homeostasis: Secretion, Composition and Neuroendocrine Control

The salivary glands play an essential role in maintaining oral homeostasis through the secretion of saliva, a complex biological fluid, indispensable for mucosal protection, digestion, microbiotic balance and prevention of dental diseases. Regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms, salivary secretion is influenced by the autonomic nervous system and hormonal factors, adapting to mechanical, chemical and psychological stimuli. The composition of saliva includes water, electrolytes, proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, each of which contributes to its essential functions, such as lubrication, pH buffering, and antimicrobial activity. Salivary secretion disorders, such as hyposalivation and hypersalivation, affect the oral health and quality of life of patients, predisposing to infections, cavities and chewing and swallowing disorders. The management of these dysfunctions requires pharmacological therapies and salivary stimulation strategies. Recent research explores salivary gland regeneration through tissue engineering, the use of advanced sialogogic agents, and the application of saliva as a biomarker in the diagnosis of systemic diseases. These innovative directions can revolutionize dentistry and general medicine, contributing to the development of personalized treatments for salivary gland dysfunctions. Thus, a better understanding of salivary physiology is essential for optimizing oral and systemic health.