One-step synthesis of NCM622 with regulated air conditions across gradual particle size distributions for single-crystal formation and battery performance

Modifications in the development of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes, particularly NCM, are ongoing due to their potential to improve battery performance and stability. This study shows the addition of air to the synthesis process of NCM622 precursors, with periodic air control, leads to particles up to 5 μm in size. Compared to the sample without air (SC-0), the sample with air (SC-Mix) exhibits significant improvements in crystallinity, morphology, and element composition. Nucleation is clearly visible, as particles grow in a more compact form. The formation of a single-crystal cathode after optimal sintering is reflected by the distinctive characteristics with low residual Li 2 CO 3 (0.78%). The electrochemical performance of SC-Mix is also promising, with good cycle stability up to the 100 th cycle and an 18% capacity decrease from 164.58 mAh g –1 to 134.11 mAh g –1 . Additionally, CV and EIS analyses reveal a low potential difference (0.141 V) and low resistance (R F = 40.2 Ω and R CT = 45.4 Ω), improving electrode performance.